Adoption in the Regency

I was doing a little rTelling storyesearch into one of the Regency staples the other day – the rescued waif.  This story standby typically involves a girl adopted into a noble family, treated as one of them, inheriting with the others.  

Would this actually work? I asks meself. 

So I look about a bit and decided,
loosely speaking — yes.
Strictly speaking — no.

And isn't that helpful?

Sometimes we
speak of 'adoption' in a fuzzy, imprecise way.  But there's an important distinction
between legally taking a child to stand in the position of a biological
child with all the rights and responsibilities that come with that versus assuming care and
custody of a child in a limited or informal way. 

Until
the 1920s, there was no formal legal mechanism for adopting children in
Great Britain.
No.  I didn't know that either.
I just love finding out stuff when I go researching.

"Why any kid would want to be an orphan is beyond me."
Miss Hannigan

What you had in Britain was just a whole variety of fostering, indenture,
wardship, guardianship,
apprenticeship, and various less-formal-arrangement-ships . . .  but
nothing that put the child on an equal footing with children born in a
marriage. 

So how did they manage the whole orphaned-child problem?Late c19 photoe

Ordinary
working folk, from simple decency or from a desire for another pair of
working hands, would often take in a neighbor's child when the parents
died.  Mistress Taylor down the road might take in a girl who could help with her little ones.  The local vicar might find space for another scullery maid in
the kitchen.  No official legal guardianship was established, but
everybody in the village likely sighed in relief and went on to other problems,
of which they doubtless had a plenitude.

If no
one stepped forward to care for orphans, they 'fell upon the parish',
which was a hard place to land.
George-cruikshank-oliver-asking-for-more-illustration-for-oliver-twist-by-charles-dickens-colour-litho-_i-G-65-6508-IHN6100ZLocal officials might solve the
problem of these pesky orphans by apprenticing them. 

This
apprenticeship was a mixed bag. 

For parish orphans, it might be called
the poor man's guardianship.  The contract gave the master rights over
the child, but also bound him to feed, clothe, care for the child, and
train him
or her up in a trade.  In
earlier centuries, apprentices were often treated as part of the
household — an extended quasi family of Master, servants and
apprentices.  Even in 1820, in Rural Rides, Cobbett could still
speak of traditional farms where master and servants, dairymaids and the
farmer's daughters sat down at the same table, a disparate but united
household.

Unfortunately, few localities had the
funds to bid children to desirable places.  (One common form of charity was
to leave money in one's will to buy apprenticeships for poor boys.)  

Some orphans got lucky. Some, like Oliver Twist, not so much.

Looking up into the upper echelons of society, since that's where the fictional orphan above will end up —

The
laws and customs of primogeniture meant that men of substance, titled
or untitled, would often consider themselves
responsible for a widespread group of family, friends and dependents. 
They'd snabbled the property and money.  The flip side of that
concentration of wealth was they were expected to take care of the
family.  

So your average Merchant Prince or belted earl (why belted
and how was everybody else holding up their trousers?) might have a
pack of widows, spinsters, dotty great uncles and assorted orphans,
only tenuously connected to him, land on his doorstep, expecting to be
provided for. 

Remember in Heyer's Frederica.   Our heroine applies to the 'head of the family' — a very distant
cousin — for assistance.   He was the winner in the big primogeniture
lotto.  Time to pay up, bucko. 

 

Another sort of fosterage was not uncommon.   Couples without children of their own would often foster a child,
usually related, and raise it as their own.  The child would inherit
from this couple through the will.  For instance, Jane Austen's brother
Edward left his birth family to be fostered by a much richer cousin, Thomas Knight, and eventually inherited
the Knight estates.

Then there were guardianships.  I do not know why Romance heroes and heroines are so unlucky, but there are just troops of them under some kind of guardianship. 

There were several sorts of legal guardians.

 First off were guardians in socage.  This is for heirs and heiresses of landed property.  You do not have real estate, this is not for you. 

Blackstone says, "socage . . . who are also called
guardians by the common law.  These take place only
William Blackstonewhen the minor is
entitled to some estate in lands, and then by the common law the
guardianship devolves upon his next of kin, to whom the inheritance
cannot possibly descent ; as, where the estate descended from his
father, in this case his uncle by the mother's side cannot possibly
inherit this estate, and therefore shall be the guardian .
For the law judges it improper to trust the person of an infant in his
hands, who may be possibility become heir to him."
  Blackstone's Commentaries   

What
that is saying is that if the young woman has a piece of property —
say a nice house or half of Northumberland or something — her guardian will not be the
father's brother who is just bound to have wicked intentions toward her.  The custody of the child goes to the closest blood
relative who cannot inherit, who will scheme to marry her off to his fish-lipped son. 

Second, we
have guardians by nature.  That's going to be the father, first off, and
the mother, if the father is dead. When the father does not explicitly
appoint a guardian for a female
under sixteen, the guardian was the mother.  Her guardianship extends
until the girl reaches 21.  An mom doesn't get control of the property. 
Only to the
custody of the child. A man will be appointed guardian for the property.

Joan Wolf's The Arrangement deals with a situation of this nature.

Finally, there's the 'guardian by statute', or 'testamentary
guardians'.  This guardian is the one spelled out
in a will.  If we want young Hannah Tweeting to be left in the care of Lord
Farthing, all we have to do is put Farthing's name in her father's will.

". . . enacts, that any father, under age or
of full age, may by deed or will dispose of the custody of his child,
either born or unborn, to any person, except a popish recusant, either
in possession or reversion, till such child attains the age of one and
twenty years."
Blackstone's Commentaries

Only the father could appoint a guardian, not the mum.  If the appointed guardian was
unable or unwilling to serve, the guardian didn't have the right to
substitute another.  If nobody was named guardian or if the unfortunate man died, this ended in the Court of Chancery, where nobody wins.  One didn't inherit a guardianship. 

What all these formal and informal relationships had in common was that the child did
not legally become the child of the foster parents, equal in all
respects to those born to that couple.  The relationship
between foster child and foster parent or between guardian and ward was always more limited than modern adoption.

In Her Ladyship's Companion, my heroine Melissa was abandoned on
the doorstep of a Vicarage and raised by the Vicar as his own.  The
difference between a foster child taken in by kindness and a legally
adopted daughter of the modern sort becomes apparent when, upon the death of the Vicar,
poor Melissa is kicked out to fend for herself.  

So, could a titled nobleman adopt a child?
As I say, sorta.

While I
was looking at this subject, adoption, I ran down a mental list of fictional orphans  –  Jane Eyre, Heathcliff
in Wuthering Heights, (just about everybody in Wuthering Heights), Tom
Jones, Superman, Pip of Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, Harry Potter, Fanny
Price, Moll Flanders, John Worthing (The Importance of Being Ernest),
Penelope Creed (Heyer's Corinthian), Tarzan.

My favorite is Kim.
I just like his sass and style.

 

So tell me, who is your favorite fictional orphan and why?

One lucky commenter (US only) will win a copy of Mischief and Mistletoe.

250 thoughts on “Adoption in the Regency”

  1. Interesting post!
    I recently read a book where the heroine had adopted her nieces and nephew in her husband’s absence and they made it sound like the nephew could inherit the title. Otherwise, it was a pretty good story, but it did give me pause…

    Reply
  2. Interesting post!
    I recently read a book where the heroine had adopted her nieces and nephew in her husband’s absence and they made it sound like the nephew could inherit the title. Otherwise, it was a pretty good story, but it did give me pause…

    Reply
  3. Interesting post!
    I recently read a book where the heroine had adopted her nieces and nephew in her husband’s absence and they made it sound like the nephew could inherit the title. Otherwise, it was a pretty good story, but it did give me pause…

    Reply
  4. Interesting post!
    I recently read a book where the heroine had adopted her nieces and nephew in her husband’s absence and they made it sound like the nephew could inherit the title. Otherwise, it was a pretty good story, but it did give me pause…

    Reply
  5. Interesting post!
    I recently read a book where the heroine had adopted her nieces and nephew in her husband’s absence and they made it sound like the nephew could inherit the title. Otherwise, it was a pretty good story, but it did give me pause…

    Reply
  6. Heyer’s books are rife with young lady orphans. Two of my favorites are Kitty Charing in Cotillion whose guardian will bequeath her his fortune only if she marries one of his great-nephews, and Hero Wantage whose life changes when Viscount Sheringham marries her after being rejected by the Incomparable Isabella Milborne in Friday’s Child.

    Reply
  7. Heyer’s books are rife with young lady orphans. Two of my favorites are Kitty Charing in Cotillion whose guardian will bequeath her his fortune only if she marries one of his great-nephews, and Hero Wantage whose life changes when Viscount Sheringham marries her after being rejected by the Incomparable Isabella Milborne in Friday’s Child.

    Reply
  8. Heyer’s books are rife with young lady orphans. Two of my favorites are Kitty Charing in Cotillion whose guardian will bequeath her his fortune only if she marries one of his great-nephews, and Hero Wantage whose life changes when Viscount Sheringham marries her after being rejected by the Incomparable Isabella Milborne in Friday’s Child.

    Reply
  9. Heyer’s books are rife with young lady orphans. Two of my favorites are Kitty Charing in Cotillion whose guardian will bequeath her his fortune only if she marries one of his great-nephews, and Hero Wantage whose life changes when Viscount Sheringham marries her after being rejected by the Incomparable Isabella Milborne in Friday’s Child.

    Reply
  10. Heyer’s books are rife with young lady orphans. Two of my favorites are Kitty Charing in Cotillion whose guardian will bequeath her his fortune only if she marries one of his great-nephews, and Hero Wantage whose life changes when Viscount Sheringham marries her after being rejected by the Incomparable Isabella Milborne in Friday’s Child.

    Reply
  11. Hi Phylis –
    I almost added a note to say that titles passed through legitimate blood only and couldn’t be inherited by foster children. I didn’t though. Then I figured, ‘Everybody knows that.’
    Apparently not …

    Reply
  12. Hi Phylis –
    I almost added a note to say that titles passed through legitimate blood only and couldn’t be inherited by foster children. I didn’t though. Then I figured, ‘Everybody knows that.’
    Apparently not …

    Reply
  13. Hi Phylis –
    I almost added a note to say that titles passed through legitimate blood only and couldn’t be inherited by foster children. I didn’t though. Then I figured, ‘Everybody knows that.’
    Apparently not …

    Reply
  14. Hi Phylis –
    I almost added a note to say that titles passed through legitimate blood only and couldn’t be inherited by foster children. I didn’t though. Then I figured, ‘Everybody knows that.’
    Apparently not …

    Reply
  15. Hi Phylis –
    I almost added a note to say that titles passed through legitimate blood only and couldn’t be inherited by foster children. I didn’t though. Then I figured, ‘Everybody knows that.’
    Apparently not …

    Reply
  16. Hi Linda —
    Batman: “We’re all just orphans. You’re an orphan, I’m an orphan, Robin’s an orphan…”
    Superman: “… Spiderman’s an orphan.”
    Batman: “Oh, yeah! And Ironman, and Cyclops, and Wolverine– all the X-Men.”

    Reply
  17. Hi Linda —
    Batman: “We’re all just orphans. You’re an orphan, I’m an orphan, Robin’s an orphan…”
    Superman: “… Spiderman’s an orphan.”
    Batman: “Oh, yeah! And Ironman, and Cyclops, and Wolverine– all the X-Men.”

    Reply
  18. Hi Linda —
    Batman: “We’re all just orphans. You’re an orphan, I’m an orphan, Robin’s an orphan…”
    Superman: “… Spiderman’s an orphan.”
    Batman: “Oh, yeah! And Ironman, and Cyclops, and Wolverine– all the X-Men.”

    Reply
  19. Hi Linda —
    Batman: “We’re all just orphans. You’re an orphan, I’m an orphan, Robin’s an orphan…”
    Superman: “… Spiderman’s an orphan.”
    Batman: “Oh, yeah! And Ironman, and Cyclops, and Wolverine– all the X-Men.”

    Reply
  20. Hi Linda —
    Batman: “We’re all just orphans. You’re an orphan, I’m an orphan, Robin’s an orphan…”
    Superman: “… Spiderman’s an orphan.”
    Batman: “Oh, yeah! And Ironman, and Cyclops, and Wolverine– all the X-Men.”

    Reply
  21. Fascinating post, thank you, Joanna. When I was researching my family tree I came across a number of children in the 19th century who were “unofficially fostered” or farmed out to other family members. Like Edward Austen, only on a smaller scale, there was one lad who was adopted by the rich relatives (they had a carriage, my grandmother said!) and inherited their fortune. Others were usually taken in after a parent died.

    Reply
  22. Fascinating post, thank you, Joanna. When I was researching my family tree I came across a number of children in the 19th century who were “unofficially fostered” or farmed out to other family members. Like Edward Austen, only on a smaller scale, there was one lad who was adopted by the rich relatives (they had a carriage, my grandmother said!) and inherited their fortune. Others were usually taken in after a parent died.

    Reply
  23. Fascinating post, thank you, Joanna. When I was researching my family tree I came across a number of children in the 19th century who were “unofficially fostered” or farmed out to other family members. Like Edward Austen, only on a smaller scale, there was one lad who was adopted by the rich relatives (they had a carriage, my grandmother said!) and inherited their fortune. Others were usually taken in after a parent died.

    Reply
  24. Fascinating post, thank you, Joanna. When I was researching my family tree I came across a number of children in the 19th century who were “unofficially fostered” or farmed out to other family members. Like Edward Austen, only on a smaller scale, there was one lad who was adopted by the rich relatives (they had a carriage, my grandmother said!) and inherited their fortune. Others were usually taken in after a parent died.

    Reply
  25. Fascinating post, thank you, Joanna. When I was researching my family tree I came across a number of children in the 19th century who were “unofficially fostered” or farmed out to other family members. Like Edward Austen, only on a smaller scale, there was one lad who was adopted by the rich relatives (they had a carriage, my grandmother said!) and inherited their fortune. Others were usually taken in after a parent died.

    Reply
  26. I marvel at the number of kids who were in some sort of unofficial extended family.
    And I know this happens all the time nowadays.
    Again and again, the family tree shows a sort of successive chain of responsibility. The kids from a first marriage end up being raised by their stepfather’s second wife’s husband and his new wife.
    Then you figure out the last ‘new wife’ is actually their mother’s second cousin because everybody in the county is related.

    Reply
  27. I marvel at the number of kids who were in some sort of unofficial extended family.
    And I know this happens all the time nowadays.
    Again and again, the family tree shows a sort of successive chain of responsibility. The kids from a first marriage end up being raised by their stepfather’s second wife’s husband and his new wife.
    Then you figure out the last ‘new wife’ is actually their mother’s second cousin because everybody in the county is related.

    Reply
  28. I marvel at the number of kids who were in some sort of unofficial extended family.
    And I know this happens all the time nowadays.
    Again and again, the family tree shows a sort of successive chain of responsibility. The kids from a first marriage end up being raised by their stepfather’s second wife’s husband and his new wife.
    Then you figure out the last ‘new wife’ is actually their mother’s second cousin because everybody in the county is related.

    Reply
  29. I marvel at the number of kids who were in some sort of unofficial extended family.
    And I know this happens all the time nowadays.
    Again and again, the family tree shows a sort of successive chain of responsibility. The kids from a first marriage end up being raised by their stepfather’s second wife’s husband and his new wife.
    Then you figure out the last ‘new wife’ is actually their mother’s second cousin because everybody in the county is related.

    Reply
  30. I marvel at the number of kids who were in some sort of unofficial extended family.
    And I know this happens all the time nowadays.
    Again and again, the family tree shows a sort of successive chain of responsibility. The kids from a first marriage end up being raised by their stepfather’s second wife’s husband and his new wife.
    Then you figure out the last ‘new wife’ is actually their mother’s second cousin because everybody in the county is related.

    Reply
  31. The Secret Garden and A Little Princess had girls who lost their parents (sort of in the case of the latter).
    What an interesting article especially on the 7th anniversary of the day my sister adopted my nephew. Both of us are adopted as well so it’s always interesting even how different countries work now – for better or worse – as well as how children fared years ago.

    Reply
  32. The Secret Garden and A Little Princess had girls who lost their parents (sort of in the case of the latter).
    What an interesting article especially on the 7th anniversary of the day my sister adopted my nephew. Both of us are adopted as well so it’s always interesting even how different countries work now – for better or worse – as well as how children fared years ago.

    Reply
  33. The Secret Garden and A Little Princess had girls who lost their parents (sort of in the case of the latter).
    What an interesting article especially on the 7th anniversary of the day my sister adopted my nephew. Both of us are adopted as well so it’s always interesting even how different countries work now – for better or worse – as well as how children fared years ago.

    Reply
  34. The Secret Garden and A Little Princess had girls who lost their parents (sort of in the case of the latter).
    What an interesting article especially on the 7th anniversary of the day my sister adopted my nephew. Both of us are adopted as well so it’s always interesting even how different countries work now – for better or worse – as well as how children fared years ago.

    Reply
  35. The Secret Garden and A Little Princess had girls who lost their parents (sort of in the case of the latter).
    What an interesting article especially on the 7th anniversary of the day my sister adopted my nephew. Both of us are adopted as well so it’s always interesting even how different countries work now – for better or worse – as well as how children fared years ago.

    Reply
  36. My favorite orphan is definately Harry Potter. I, along with my young granddaughter, have followed him through each and every one of his movies and some of them 15 or more times! He has given me many wonderful hours of entertainment with my granddaughter and I thank him heartedly for it!!

    Reply
  37. My favorite orphan is definately Harry Potter. I, along with my young granddaughter, have followed him through each and every one of his movies and some of them 15 or more times! He has given me many wonderful hours of entertainment with my granddaughter and I thank him heartedly for it!!

    Reply
  38. My favorite orphan is definately Harry Potter. I, along with my young granddaughter, have followed him through each and every one of his movies and some of them 15 or more times! He has given me many wonderful hours of entertainment with my granddaughter and I thank him heartedly for it!!

    Reply
  39. My favorite orphan is definately Harry Potter. I, along with my young granddaughter, have followed him through each and every one of his movies and some of them 15 or more times! He has given me many wonderful hours of entertainment with my granddaughter and I thank him heartedly for it!!

    Reply
  40. My favorite orphan is definately Harry Potter. I, along with my young granddaughter, have followed him through each and every one of his movies and some of them 15 or more times! He has given me many wonderful hours of entertainment with my granddaughter and I thank him heartedly for it!!

    Reply
  41. Romancelandia is filled with orphans, isn’t it. Just think of all those feisty Regency heroines who would be sent to bed without their supper if there were a responsible adult in the house.
    But orphanage (if there is such a word) is a grand device for enabling a boy to create himself (like Adrian) or for a girl to do something other than fancy needlework. There are all those Amanda Quick heroines who take advantage of the absence of parental authority to create a career for themselves. Though if you want to toss in a dose of realism, they must have had some difficult if unmentioned times at the start.
    One of my favorite orphans is Daphne Wade in Laura Lee Guhrke’s Guilty Pleasures. The thing that endears her to me is the fact that she doesn’t forgive the grandfather who refused to help her when she was alone and penniless but instead bawls him out. And in front of other people to boot!

    Reply
  42. Romancelandia is filled with orphans, isn’t it. Just think of all those feisty Regency heroines who would be sent to bed without their supper if there were a responsible adult in the house.
    But orphanage (if there is such a word) is a grand device for enabling a boy to create himself (like Adrian) or for a girl to do something other than fancy needlework. There are all those Amanda Quick heroines who take advantage of the absence of parental authority to create a career for themselves. Though if you want to toss in a dose of realism, they must have had some difficult if unmentioned times at the start.
    One of my favorite orphans is Daphne Wade in Laura Lee Guhrke’s Guilty Pleasures. The thing that endears her to me is the fact that she doesn’t forgive the grandfather who refused to help her when she was alone and penniless but instead bawls him out. And in front of other people to boot!

    Reply
  43. Romancelandia is filled with orphans, isn’t it. Just think of all those feisty Regency heroines who would be sent to bed without their supper if there were a responsible adult in the house.
    But orphanage (if there is such a word) is a grand device for enabling a boy to create himself (like Adrian) or for a girl to do something other than fancy needlework. There are all those Amanda Quick heroines who take advantage of the absence of parental authority to create a career for themselves. Though if you want to toss in a dose of realism, they must have had some difficult if unmentioned times at the start.
    One of my favorite orphans is Daphne Wade in Laura Lee Guhrke’s Guilty Pleasures. The thing that endears her to me is the fact that she doesn’t forgive the grandfather who refused to help her when she was alone and penniless but instead bawls him out. And in front of other people to boot!

    Reply
  44. Romancelandia is filled with orphans, isn’t it. Just think of all those feisty Regency heroines who would be sent to bed without their supper if there were a responsible adult in the house.
    But orphanage (if there is such a word) is a grand device for enabling a boy to create himself (like Adrian) or for a girl to do something other than fancy needlework. There are all those Amanda Quick heroines who take advantage of the absence of parental authority to create a career for themselves. Though if you want to toss in a dose of realism, they must have had some difficult if unmentioned times at the start.
    One of my favorite orphans is Daphne Wade in Laura Lee Guhrke’s Guilty Pleasures. The thing that endears her to me is the fact that she doesn’t forgive the grandfather who refused to help her when she was alone and penniless but instead bawls him out. And in front of other people to boot!

    Reply
  45. Romancelandia is filled with orphans, isn’t it. Just think of all those feisty Regency heroines who would be sent to bed without their supper if there were a responsible adult in the house.
    But orphanage (if there is such a word) is a grand device for enabling a boy to create himself (like Adrian) or for a girl to do something other than fancy needlework. There are all those Amanda Quick heroines who take advantage of the absence of parental authority to create a career for themselves. Though if you want to toss in a dose of realism, they must have had some difficult if unmentioned times at the start.
    One of my favorite orphans is Daphne Wade in Laura Lee Guhrke’s Guilty Pleasures. The thing that endears her to me is the fact that she doesn’t forgive the grandfather who refused to help her when she was alone and penniless but instead bawls him out. And in front of other people to boot!

    Reply
  46. Great post! Love all the information. People have already mentioned all my favorite orphans, I think. Anne, Harry, Mary, Bruce Wayne… 😉 I don’t want to be an orphan at any age, but reading about them holds so much allure!

    Reply
  47. Great post! Love all the information. People have already mentioned all my favorite orphans, I think. Anne, Harry, Mary, Bruce Wayne… 😉 I don’t want to be an orphan at any age, but reading about them holds so much allure!

    Reply
  48. Great post! Love all the information. People have already mentioned all my favorite orphans, I think. Anne, Harry, Mary, Bruce Wayne… 😉 I don’t want to be an orphan at any age, but reading about them holds so much allure!

    Reply
  49. Great post! Love all the information. People have already mentioned all my favorite orphans, I think. Anne, Harry, Mary, Bruce Wayne… 😉 I don’t want to be an orphan at any age, but reading about them holds so much allure!

    Reply
  50. Great post! Love all the information. People have already mentioned all my favorite orphans, I think. Anne, Harry, Mary, Bruce Wayne… 😉 I don’t want to be an orphan at any age, but reading about them holds so much allure!

    Reply
  51. The first that came to mind was Tarzan – I grew up watching those old black and white movies and often played at swinging on weeping willow limbs and calling to the neighborhood wildlife, but Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn and Harry Potter should be included. My favorite thank-goodness-she’s not-an-orphan is THE LITTLE PRINCESS.

    Reply
  52. The first that came to mind was Tarzan – I grew up watching those old black and white movies and often played at swinging on weeping willow limbs and calling to the neighborhood wildlife, but Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn and Harry Potter should be included. My favorite thank-goodness-she’s not-an-orphan is THE LITTLE PRINCESS.

    Reply
  53. The first that came to mind was Tarzan – I grew up watching those old black and white movies and often played at swinging on weeping willow limbs and calling to the neighborhood wildlife, but Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn and Harry Potter should be included. My favorite thank-goodness-she’s not-an-orphan is THE LITTLE PRINCESS.

    Reply
  54. The first that came to mind was Tarzan – I grew up watching those old black and white movies and often played at swinging on weeping willow limbs and calling to the neighborhood wildlife, but Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn and Harry Potter should be included. My favorite thank-goodness-she’s not-an-orphan is THE LITTLE PRINCESS.

    Reply
  55. The first that came to mind was Tarzan – I grew up watching those old black and white movies and often played at swinging on weeping willow limbs and calling to the neighborhood wildlife, but Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn and Harry Potter should be included. My favorite thank-goodness-she’s not-an-orphan is THE LITTLE PRINCESS.

    Reply
  56. I loved this post! Thank you. Personally, I have a soft spot for Heyer’s feisty orphans, and Jane Eyre has long been a favorite for her quiet dignity and integrity. Funny to think of Harry Potter in the context of historical orphans, but I love those stories too.
    I have to chuckle at the unreality of the life of orphans in Regency romance stories – don’t they all end up winning life’s lottery?

    Reply
  57. I loved this post! Thank you. Personally, I have a soft spot for Heyer’s feisty orphans, and Jane Eyre has long been a favorite for her quiet dignity and integrity. Funny to think of Harry Potter in the context of historical orphans, but I love those stories too.
    I have to chuckle at the unreality of the life of orphans in Regency romance stories – don’t they all end up winning life’s lottery?

    Reply
  58. I loved this post! Thank you. Personally, I have a soft spot for Heyer’s feisty orphans, and Jane Eyre has long been a favorite for her quiet dignity and integrity. Funny to think of Harry Potter in the context of historical orphans, but I love those stories too.
    I have to chuckle at the unreality of the life of orphans in Regency romance stories – don’t they all end up winning life’s lottery?

    Reply
  59. I loved this post! Thank you. Personally, I have a soft spot for Heyer’s feisty orphans, and Jane Eyre has long been a favorite for her quiet dignity and integrity. Funny to think of Harry Potter in the context of historical orphans, but I love those stories too.
    I have to chuckle at the unreality of the life of orphans in Regency romance stories – don’t they all end up winning life’s lottery?

    Reply
  60. I loved this post! Thank you. Personally, I have a soft spot for Heyer’s feisty orphans, and Jane Eyre has long been a favorite for her quiet dignity and integrity. Funny to think of Harry Potter in the context of historical orphans, but I love those stories too.
    I have to chuckle at the unreality of the life of orphans in Regency romance stories – don’t they all end up winning life’s lottery?

    Reply
  61. Freckles, in a 1904 Gene Stratton-Porter novel by the same name – just because it came to mind when you asked about orphans. I must have read the book more than 50 years ago.

    Reply
  62. Freckles, in a 1904 Gene Stratton-Porter novel by the same name – just because it came to mind when you asked about orphans. I must have read the book more than 50 years ago.

    Reply
  63. Freckles, in a 1904 Gene Stratton-Porter novel by the same name – just because it came to mind when you asked about orphans. I must have read the book more than 50 years ago.

    Reply
  64. Freckles, in a 1904 Gene Stratton-Porter novel by the same name – just because it came to mind when you asked about orphans. I must have read the book more than 50 years ago.

    Reply
  65. Freckles, in a 1904 Gene Stratton-Porter novel by the same name – just because it came to mind when you asked about orphans. I must have read the book more than 50 years ago.

    Reply
  66. Mill River Recluse, by Darcie Chan. Read it recently, (excellent read, btw), and there is an “orphan”… of sorts, but can’t say who it is. That would totally spoil it. 🙂
    Love the blog, JoB.

    Reply
  67. Mill River Recluse, by Darcie Chan. Read it recently, (excellent read, btw), and there is an “orphan”… of sorts, but can’t say who it is. That would totally spoil it. 🙂
    Love the blog, JoB.

    Reply
  68. Mill River Recluse, by Darcie Chan. Read it recently, (excellent read, btw), and there is an “orphan”… of sorts, but can’t say who it is. That would totally spoil it. 🙂
    Love the blog, JoB.

    Reply
  69. Mill River Recluse, by Darcie Chan. Read it recently, (excellent read, btw), and there is an “orphan”… of sorts, but can’t say who it is. That would totally spoil it. 🙂
    Love the blog, JoB.

    Reply
  70. Mill River Recluse, by Darcie Chan. Read it recently, (excellent read, btw), and there is an “orphan”… of sorts, but can’t say who it is. That would totally spoil it. 🙂
    Love the blog, JoB.

    Reply
  71. In the U.S., too, things seem to have been of the “sorta” variety. I had a grandfather on my mom’s side who was apprenticed to a carpenter when his parents ended up in the lunatic asylum (actually its official name). His younger siblings were taken in by their maternal uncle, but Grandpa Will stayed with the carpenter until he enlisted in the Union Army (and after the war, the carpenter took him to court and made him finish his apprenticeship – no time off for service to his country).

    Reply
  72. In the U.S., too, things seem to have been of the “sorta” variety. I had a grandfather on my mom’s side who was apprenticed to a carpenter when his parents ended up in the lunatic asylum (actually its official name). His younger siblings were taken in by their maternal uncle, but Grandpa Will stayed with the carpenter until he enlisted in the Union Army (and after the war, the carpenter took him to court and made him finish his apprenticeship – no time off for service to his country).

    Reply
  73. In the U.S., too, things seem to have been of the “sorta” variety. I had a grandfather on my mom’s side who was apprenticed to a carpenter when his parents ended up in the lunatic asylum (actually its official name). His younger siblings were taken in by their maternal uncle, but Grandpa Will stayed with the carpenter until he enlisted in the Union Army (and after the war, the carpenter took him to court and made him finish his apprenticeship – no time off for service to his country).

    Reply
  74. In the U.S., too, things seem to have been of the “sorta” variety. I had a grandfather on my mom’s side who was apprenticed to a carpenter when his parents ended up in the lunatic asylum (actually its official name). His younger siblings were taken in by their maternal uncle, but Grandpa Will stayed with the carpenter until he enlisted in the Union Army (and after the war, the carpenter took him to court and made him finish his apprenticeship – no time off for service to his country).

    Reply
  75. In the U.S., too, things seem to have been of the “sorta” variety. I had a grandfather on my mom’s side who was apprenticed to a carpenter when his parents ended up in the lunatic asylum (actually its official name). His younger siblings were taken in by their maternal uncle, but Grandpa Will stayed with the carpenter until he enlisted in the Union Army (and after the war, the carpenter took him to court and made him finish his apprenticeship – no time off for service to his country).

    Reply
  76. I just started reading Tom Jones yesterday.
    I really wish some authors would study inheritance laws more. I have read so many books where they get things wrong, when it’s really not that hard. Some of the mistakes are actually quite creative, and I really have to wonder what they were thinking.
    And this is part of what caused so many problems with India- because they did allow adopted children to inherit.
    (None of the first few Roman emperors were direct descendants of each other, either. Which is really not relevant, but I found it interesting.)

    Reply
  77. I just started reading Tom Jones yesterday.
    I really wish some authors would study inheritance laws more. I have read so many books where they get things wrong, when it’s really not that hard. Some of the mistakes are actually quite creative, and I really have to wonder what they were thinking.
    And this is part of what caused so many problems with India- because they did allow adopted children to inherit.
    (None of the first few Roman emperors were direct descendants of each other, either. Which is really not relevant, but I found it interesting.)

    Reply
  78. I just started reading Tom Jones yesterday.
    I really wish some authors would study inheritance laws more. I have read so many books where they get things wrong, when it’s really not that hard. Some of the mistakes are actually quite creative, and I really have to wonder what they were thinking.
    And this is part of what caused so many problems with India- because they did allow adopted children to inherit.
    (None of the first few Roman emperors were direct descendants of each other, either. Which is really not relevant, but I found it interesting.)

    Reply
  79. I just started reading Tom Jones yesterday.
    I really wish some authors would study inheritance laws more. I have read so many books where they get things wrong, when it’s really not that hard. Some of the mistakes are actually quite creative, and I really have to wonder what they were thinking.
    And this is part of what caused so many problems with India- because they did allow adopted children to inherit.
    (None of the first few Roman emperors were direct descendants of each other, either. Which is really not relevant, but I found it interesting.)

    Reply
  80. I just started reading Tom Jones yesterday.
    I really wish some authors would study inheritance laws more. I have read so many books where they get things wrong, when it’s really not that hard. Some of the mistakes are actually quite creative, and I really have to wonder what they were thinking.
    And this is part of what caused so many problems with India- because they did allow adopted children to inherit.
    (None of the first few Roman emperors were direct descendants of each other, either. Which is really not relevant, but I found it interesting.)

    Reply
  81. Hi April —
    I love Secret Garden and Little Princess. And what very different protagonists in the two books, even though they’re much of the same era and both about young girls.
    Somehow the books I read as a child have stayed with me while the books I read last week … well, let’s be kind and just say they didn’t.

    Reply
  82. Hi April —
    I love Secret Garden and Little Princess. And what very different protagonists in the two books, even though they’re much of the same era and both about young girls.
    Somehow the books I read as a child have stayed with me while the books I read last week … well, let’s be kind and just say they didn’t.

    Reply
  83. Hi April —
    I love Secret Garden and Little Princess. And what very different protagonists in the two books, even though they’re much of the same era and both about young girls.
    Somehow the books I read as a child have stayed with me while the books I read last week … well, let’s be kind and just say they didn’t.

    Reply
  84. Hi April —
    I love Secret Garden and Little Princess. And what very different protagonists in the two books, even though they’re much of the same era and both about young girls.
    Somehow the books I read as a child have stayed with me while the books I read last week … well, let’s be kind and just say they didn’t.

    Reply
  85. Hi April —
    I love Secret Garden and Little Princess. And what very different protagonists in the two books, even though they’re much of the same era and both about young girls.
    Somehow the books I read as a child have stayed with me while the books I read last week … well, let’s be kind and just say they didn’t.

    Reply
  86. Hi Betty —
    HP’s dysfunctional home looks to me like the author showing the feelings of a child alien to the world in which he lives. He escapes from it.
    The Secret Garden, OTOH, is a child alien to the world in which she lives changing herself to conquer her environment.
    Little Princess is more child enduring hardship bravely. She escapes and there’s somehow a feeling that virtue is being rewarded.
    I guess every age has its thematic children’s story.

    Reply
  87. Hi Betty —
    HP’s dysfunctional home looks to me like the author showing the feelings of a child alien to the world in which he lives. He escapes from it.
    The Secret Garden, OTOH, is a child alien to the world in which she lives changing herself to conquer her environment.
    Little Princess is more child enduring hardship bravely. She escapes and there’s somehow a feeling that virtue is being rewarded.
    I guess every age has its thematic children’s story.

    Reply
  88. Hi Betty —
    HP’s dysfunctional home looks to me like the author showing the feelings of a child alien to the world in which he lives. He escapes from it.
    The Secret Garden, OTOH, is a child alien to the world in which she lives changing herself to conquer her environment.
    Little Princess is more child enduring hardship bravely. She escapes and there’s somehow a feeling that virtue is being rewarded.
    I guess every age has its thematic children’s story.

    Reply
  89. Hi Betty —
    HP’s dysfunctional home looks to me like the author showing the feelings of a child alien to the world in which he lives. He escapes from it.
    The Secret Garden, OTOH, is a child alien to the world in which she lives changing herself to conquer her environment.
    Little Princess is more child enduring hardship bravely. She escapes and there’s somehow a feeling that virtue is being rewarded.
    I guess every age has its thematic children’s story.

    Reply
  90. Hi Betty —
    HP’s dysfunctional home looks to me like the author showing the feelings of a child alien to the world in which he lives. He escapes from it.
    The Secret Garden, OTOH, is a child alien to the world in which she lives changing herself to conquer her environment.
    Little Princess is more child enduring hardship bravely. She escapes and there’s somehow a feeling that virtue is being rewarded.
    I guess every age has its thematic children’s story.

    Reply
  91. Hi Lil —
    I’ll have to track down the Gurke book — I do like her work.
    Romancelandia needs heroine with agency, and they’ll have more of that when the pesky parents are tidily swept away. Or tidally swept away, I suppose, if they’re on a ship.
    I think about all my protagonists are effectively de-parented, more of less.

    Reply
  92. Hi Lil —
    I’ll have to track down the Gurke book — I do like her work.
    Romancelandia needs heroine with agency, and they’ll have more of that when the pesky parents are tidily swept away. Or tidally swept away, I suppose, if they’re on a ship.
    I think about all my protagonists are effectively de-parented, more of less.

    Reply
  93. Hi Lil —
    I’ll have to track down the Gurke book — I do like her work.
    Romancelandia needs heroine with agency, and they’ll have more of that when the pesky parents are tidily swept away. Or tidally swept away, I suppose, if they’re on a ship.
    I think about all my protagonists are effectively de-parented, more of less.

    Reply
  94. Hi Lil —
    I’ll have to track down the Gurke book — I do like her work.
    Romancelandia needs heroine with agency, and they’ll have more of that when the pesky parents are tidily swept away. Or tidally swept away, I suppose, if they’re on a ship.
    I think about all my protagonists are effectively de-parented, more of less.

    Reply
  95. Hi Lil —
    I’ll have to track down the Gurke book — I do like her work.
    Romancelandia needs heroine with agency, and they’ll have more of that when the pesky parents are tidily swept away. Or tidally swept away, I suppose, if they’re on a ship.
    I think about all my protagonists are effectively de-parented, more of less.

    Reply
  96. Hi Anna —
    Literature would be a poorer place without its orphans.
    I thought of another one — the Hunchback of Notre Dame.

    Reply
  97. Hi Anna —
    Literature would be a poorer place without its orphans.
    I thought of another one — the Hunchback of Notre Dame.

    Reply
  98. Hi Anna —
    Literature would be a poorer place without its orphans.
    I thought of another one — the Hunchback of Notre Dame.

    Reply
  99. Hi Anna —
    Literature would be a poorer place without its orphans.
    I thought of another one — the Hunchback of Notre Dame.

    Reply
  100. Hi Anna —
    Literature would be a poorer place without its orphans.
    I thought of another one — the Hunchback of Notre Dame.

    Reply
  101. Hi Debbie —
    I liked the Tarzan movies. But I loved the Tarzan books.
    They put them all out in paperback when I was about twelve and I read through the lot. Man, do I love adventure stories.

    Reply
  102. Hi Debbie —
    I liked the Tarzan movies. But I loved the Tarzan books.
    They put them all out in paperback when I was about twelve and I read through the lot. Man, do I love adventure stories.

    Reply
  103. Hi Debbie —
    I liked the Tarzan movies. But I loved the Tarzan books.
    They put them all out in paperback when I was about twelve and I read through the lot. Man, do I love adventure stories.

    Reply
  104. Hi Debbie —
    I liked the Tarzan movies. But I loved the Tarzan books.
    They put them all out in paperback when I was about twelve and I read through the lot. Man, do I love adventure stories.

    Reply
  105. Hi Debbie —
    I liked the Tarzan movies. But I loved the Tarzan books.
    They put them all out in paperback when I was about twelve and I read through the lot. Man, do I love adventure stories.

    Reply
  106. Hi Donna —
    Romances are all about catching the brass ring. Winning the lottery. Kissing the duke.
    So it’s rags to riches and what could be more ragged than an orphan.
    The young girl in the posting on the right with her shawl wrapped about her is an eleven-year-old arrested for ‘stealing iron’ and sentenced to seven days’ hard labor. I guess that might maybe have been prying nails out of railway tracks …?

    Reply
  107. Hi Donna —
    Romances are all about catching the brass ring. Winning the lottery. Kissing the duke.
    So it’s rags to riches and what could be more ragged than an orphan.
    The young girl in the posting on the right with her shawl wrapped about her is an eleven-year-old arrested for ‘stealing iron’ and sentenced to seven days’ hard labor. I guess that might maybe have been prying nails out of railway tracks …?

    Reply
  108. Hi Donna —
    Romances are all about catching the brass ring. Winning the lottery. Kissing the duke.
    So it’s rags to riches and what could be more ragged than an orphan.
    The young girl in the posting on the right with her shawl wrapped about her is an eleven-year-old arrested for ‘stealing iron’ and sentenced to seven days’ hard labor. I guess that might maybe have been prying nails out of railway tracks …?

    Reply
  109. Hi Donna —
    Romances are all about catching the brass ring. Winning the lottery. Kissing the duke.
    So it’s rags to riches and what could be more ragged than an orphan.
    The young girl in the posting on the right with her shawl wrapped about her is an eleven-year-old arrested for ‘stealing iron’ and sentenced to seven days’ hard labor. I guess that might maybe have been prying nails out of railway tracks …?

    Reply
  110. Hi Donna —
    Romances are all about catching the brass ring. Winning the lottery. Kissing the duke.
    So it’s rags to riches and what could be more ragged than an orphan.
    The young girl in the posting on the right with her shawl wrapped about her is an eleven-year-old arrested for ‘stealing iron’ and sentenced to seven days’ hard labor. I guess that might maybe have been prying nails out of railway tracks …?

    Reply
  111. Hi Polly,
    I have never at all heard of that book, though the author seems vaguely and distantly familiar.
    Now you have me curious. I will bop off and have a look.

    Reply
  112. Hi Polly,
    I have never at all heard of that book, though the author seems vaguely and distantly familiar.
    Now you have me curious. I will bop off and have a look.

    Reply
  113. Hi Polly,
    I have never at all heard of that book, though the author seems vaguely and distantly familiar.
    Now you have me curious. I will bop off and have a look.

    Reply
  114. Hi Polly,
    I have never at all heard of that book, though the author seems vaguely and distantly familiar.
    Now you have me curious. I will bop off and have a look.

    Reply
  115. Hi Polly,
    I have never at all heard of that book, though the author seems vaguely and distantly familiar.
    Now you have me curious. I will bop off and have a look.

    Reply
  116. Hi Karenmc —
    Now I want to know if he had to finish out the apprenticeship — somewhat a la Pirates of Penzance.
    Despite Dickens, the Waterbabies and the maltreated climbing boys of Romancelandia, apprenticeship was a workable and humane system for centuries. A teen could have learned most businesses in a year or two. They didn’t have to make apprenticeships seven years. The boys started so young, not just to learn, but so they could grow up as part of the craft organization. Part of a sort of family, really.

    Reply
  117. Hi Karenmc —
    Now I want to know if he had to finish out the apprenticeship — somewhat a la Pirates of Penzance.
    Despite Dickens, the Waterbabies and the maltreated climbing boys of Romancelandia, apprenticeship was a workable and humane system for centuries. A teen could have learned most businesses in a year or two. They didn’t have to make apprenticeships seven years. The boys started so young, not just to learn, but so they could grow up as part of the craft organization. Part of a sort of family, really.

    Reply
  118. Hi Karenmc —
    Now I want to know if he had to finish out the apprenticeship — somewhat a la Pirates of Penzance.
    Despite Dickens, the Waterbabies and the maltreated climbing boys of Romancelandia, apprenticeship was a workable and humane system for centuries. A teen could have learned most businesses in a year or two. They didn’t have to make apprenticeships seven years. The boys started so young, not just to learn, but so they could grow up as part of the craft organization. Part of a sort of family, really.

    Reply
  119. Hi Karenmc —
    Now I want to know if he had to finish out the apprenticeship — somewhat a la Pirates of Penzance.
    Despite Dickens, the Waterbabies and the maltreated climbing boys of Romancelandia, apprenticeship was a workable and humane system for centuries. A teen could have learned most businesses in a year or two. They didn’t have to make apprenticeships seven years. The boys started so young, not just to learn, but so they could grow up as part of the craft organization. Part of a sort of family, really.

    Reply
  120. Hi Karenmc —
    Now I want to know if he had to finish out the apprenticeship — somewhat a la Pirates of Penzance.
    Despite Dickens, the Waterbabies and the maltreated climbing boys of Romancelandia, apprenticeship was a workable and humane system for centuries. A teen could have learned most businesses in a year or two. They didn’t have to make apprenticeships seven years. The boys started so young, not just to learn, but so they could grow up as part of the craft organization. Part of a sort of family, really.

    Reply
  121. Hi Margot —
    Isn’t it cool the way the Romans solved the succession problem. So clever and practical of them. I’m really peeved at Marcus Aurelius — of all people — for breaking the line of ‘good rulers’.

    Reply
  122. Hi Margot —
    Isn’t it cool the way the Romans solved the succession problem. So clever and practical of them. I’m really peeved at Marcus Aurelius — of all people — for breaking the line of ‘good rulers’.

    Reply
  123. Hi Margot —
    Isn’t it cool the way the Romans solved the succession problem. So clever and practical of them. I’m really peeved at Marcus Aurelius — of all people — for breaking the line of ‘good rulers’.

    Reply
  124. Hi Margot —
    Isn’t it cool the way the Romans solved the succession problem. So clever and practical of them. I’m really peeved at Marcus Aurelius — of all people — for breaking the line of ‘good rulers’.

    Reply
  125. Hi Margot —
    Isn’t it cool the way the Romans solved the succession problem. So clever and practical of them. I’m really peeved at Marcus Aurelius — of all people — for breaking the line of ‘good rulers’.

    Reply
  126. I believe that in Anne of Green Gables, they went to an agency of some sort which placed orphan children to help with work – on the farm or whatever. Anne was brought home to help with the housework or farm work.
    My father (born in 1919) and his brother were ‘farmed out’ to a distant relative to live with the family and work on the farm. Their mother was unable to raise 3 children on her own. They stayed with the farm family until they were ready to go to high school and then came back to live with their mother.

    Reply
  127. I believe that in Anne of Green Gables, they went to an agency of some sort which placed orphan children to help with work – on the farm or whatever. Anne was brought home to help with the housework or farm work.
    My father (born in 1919) and his brother were ‘farmed out’ to a distant relative to live with the family and work on the farm. Their mother was unable to raise 3 children on her own. They stayed with the farm family until they were ready to go to high school and then came back to live with their mother.

    Reply
  128. I believe that in Anne of Green Gables, they went to an agency of some sort which placed orphan children to help with work – on the farm or whatever. Anne was brought home to help with the housework or farm work.
    My father (born in 1919) and his brother were ‘farmed out’ to a distant relative to live with the family and work on the farm. Their mother was unable to raise 3 children on her own. They stayed with the farm family until they were ready to go to high school and then came back to live with their mother.

    Reply
  129. I believe that in Anne of Green Gables, they went to an agency of some sort which placed orphan children to help with work – on the farm or whatever. Anne was brought home to help with the housework or farm work.
    My father (born in 1919) and his brother were ‘farmed out’ to a distant relative to live with the family and work on the farm. Their mother was unable to raise 3 children on her own. They stayed with the farm family until they were ready to go to high school and then came back to live with their mother.

    Reply
  130. I believe that in Anne of Green Gables, they went to an agency of some sort which placed orphan children to help with work – on the farm or whatever. Anne was brought home to help with the housework or farm work.
    My father (born in 1919) and his brother were ‘farmed out’ to a distant relative to live with the family and work on the farm. Their mother was unable to raise 3 children on her own. They stayed with the farm family until they were ready to go to high school and then came back to live with their mother.

    Reply
  131. Jo, I love your illustrations, especially the first one. *G*
    Being orphaned definitely makes for more interesting stories, and given mortality reates in the past, it wasn’t all of that uncommon.
    A good example of a happy apprenticeship scene is in A CHRISTMAS CAROL, when Scrooge is reminded of the happy holidays during his apprenticeship with Mr. Fezziwig, who made sure everyone had a good time. Where Scrooge fell in love with Belle….

    Reply
  132. Jo, I love your illustrations, especially the first one. *G*
    Being orphaned definitely makes for more interesting stories, and given mortality reates in the past, it wasn’t all of that uncommon.
    A good example of a happy apprenticeship scene is in A CHRISTMAS CAROL, when Scrooge is reminded of the happy holidays during his apprenticeship with Mr. Fezziwig, who made sure everyone had a good time. Where Scrooge fell in love with Belle….

    Reply
  133. Jo, I love your illustrations, especially the first one. *G*
    Being orphaned definitely makes for more interesting stories, and given mortality reates in the past, it wasn’t all of that uncommon.
    A good example of a happy apprenticeship scene is in A CHRISTMAS CAROL, when Scrooge is reminded of the happy holidays during his apprenticeship with Mr. Fezziwig, who made sure everyone had a good time. Where Scrooge fell in love with Belle….

    Reply
  134. Jo, I love your illustrations, especially the first one. *G*
    Being orphaned definitely makes for more interesting stories, and given mortality reates in the past, it wasn’t all of that uncommon.
    A good example of a happy apprenticeship scene is in A CHRISTMAS CAROL, when Scrooge is reminded of the happy holidays during his apprenticeship with Mr. Fezziwig, who made sure everyone had a good time. Where Scrooge fell in love with Belle….

    Reply
  135. Jo, I love your illustrations, especially the first one. *G*
    Being orphaned definitely makes for more interesting stories, and given mortality reates in the past, it wasn’t all of that uncommon.
    A good example of a happy apprenticeship scene is in A CHRISTMAS CAROL, when Scrooge is reminded of the happy holidays during his apprenticeship with Mr. Fezziwig, who made sure everyone had a good time. Where Scrooge fell in love with Belle….

    Reply
  136. Joanna, yes, he finished the apprenticeship and went on to build spiral staircases. I believe his marriage had to be delayed until the apprenticeship was over, but eventually he was a respected businessman and father of seven.

    Reply
  137. Joanna, yes, he finished the apprenticeship and went on to build spiral staircases. I believe his marriage had to be delayed until the apprenticeship was over, but eventually he was a respected businessman and father of seven.

    Reply
  138. Joanna, yes, he finished the apprenticeship and went on to build spiral staircases. I believe his marriage had to be delayed until the apprenticeship was over, but eventually he was a respected businessman and father of seven.

    Reply
  139. Joanna, yes, he finished the apprenticeship and went on to build spiral staircases. I believe his marriage had to be delayed until the apprenticeship was over, but eventually he was a respected businessman and father of seven.

    Reply
  140. Joanna, yes, he finished the apprenticeship and went on to build spiral staircases. I believe his marriage had to be delayed until the apprenticeship was over, but eventually he was a respected businessman and father of seven.

    Reply
  141. Hi J. Prince —
    We forget how much the early 20th century was a continuation of the 19th century. No social services to speak of. The extended family was your safety net.

    Reply
  142. Hi J. Prince —
    We forget how much the early 20th century was a continuation of the 19th century. No social services to speak of. The extended family was your safety net.

    Reply
  143. Hi J. Prince —
    We forget how much the early 20th century was a continuation of the 19th century. No social services to speak of. The extended family was your safety net.

    Reply
  144. Hi J. Prince —
    We forget how much the early 20th century was a continuation of the 19th century. No social services to speak of. The extended family was your safety net.

    Reply
  145. Hi J. Prince —
    We forget how much the early 20th century was a continuation of the 19th century. No social services to speak of. The extended family was your safety net.

    Reply
  146. Hi Karenmc —
    We tend to forget how, a century or two back, marriage was put off until the man inherited his bit of land or finished the apprenticeship.
    The rich could marry young. The skilled laborer or striving professional man had to wait till he was established.

    Reply
  147. Hi Karenmc —
    We tend to forget how, a century or two back, marriage was put off until the man inherited his bit of land or finished the apprenticeship.
    The rich could marry young. The skilled laborer or striving professional man had to wait till he was established.

    Reply
  148. Hi Karenmc —
    We tend to forget how, a century or two back, marriage was put off until the man inherited his bit of land or finished the apprenticeship.
    The rich could marry young. The skilled laborer or striving professional man had to wait till he was established.

    Reply
  149. Hi Karenmc —
    We tend to forget how, a century or two back, marriage was put off until the man inherited his bit of land or finished the apprenticeship.
    The rich could marry young. The skilled laborer or striving professional man had to wait till he was established.

    Reply
  150. Hi Karenmc —
    We tend to forget how, a century or two back, marriage was put off until the man inherited his bit of land or finished the apprenticeship.
    The rich could marry young. The skilled laborer or striving professional man had to wait till he was established.

    Reply
  151. My Favorite orphan in literature is Harry Potter. I was hooked from the moment I picked up the first book. Sometimes I still think about what might be happening to Harry now!

    Reply
  152. My Favorite orphan in literature is Harry Potter. I was hooked from the moment I picked up the first book. Sometimes I still think about what might be happening to Harry now!

    Reply
  153. My Favorite orphan in literature is Harry Potter. I was hooked from the moment I picked up the first book. Sometimes I still think about what might be happening to Harry now!

    Reply
  154. My Favorite orphan in literature is Harry Potter. I was hooked from the moment I picked up the first book. Sometimes I still think about what might be happening to Harry now!

    Reply
  155. My Favorite orphan in literature is Harry Potter. I was hooked from the moment I picked up the first book. Sometimes I still think about what might be happening to Harry now!

    Reply
  156. Oh, Kim. He’s the model for Harry Potter doncha know. And I loved the way Laurie King brought him back to life in The Game. Kim is the only novel written about the Raj while the Raj was still in power.

    Reply
  157. Oh, Kim. He’s the model for Harry Potter doncha know. And I loved the way Laurie King brought him back to life in The Game. Kim is the only novel written about the Raj while the Raj was still in power.

    Reply
  158. Oh, Kim. He’s the model for Harry Potter doncha know. And I loved the way Laurie King brought him back to life in The Game. Kim is the only novel written about the Raj while the Raj was still in power.

    Reply
  159. Oh, Kim. He’s the model for Harry Potter doncha know. And I loved the way Laurie King brought him back to life in The Game. Kim is the only novel written about the Raj while the Raj was still in power.

    Reply
  160. Oh, Kim. He’s the model for Harry Potter doncha know. And I loved the way Laurie King brought him back to life in The Game. Kim is the only novel written about the Raj while the Raj was still in power.

    Reply
  161. I didn’t know Harry Potter was influenced by Kim. How cool.
    I will now go glom onto Laurie King’s book, which I didn’t know about. Thanks for the heads up.

    Reply
  162. I didn’t know Harry Potter was influenced by Kim. How cool.
    I will now go glom onto Laurie King’s book, which I didn’t know about. Thanks for the heads up.

    Reply
  163. I didn’t know Harry Potter was influenced by Kim. How cool.
    I will now go glom onto Laurie King’s book, which I didn’t know about. Thanks for the heads up.

    Reply
  164. I didn’t know Harry Potter was influenced by Kim. How cool.
    I will now go glom onto Laurie King’s book, which I didn’t know about. Thanks for the heads up.

    Reply
  165. I didn’t know Harry Potter was influenced by Kim. How cool.
    I will now go glom onto Laurie King’s book, which I didn’t know about. Thanks for the heads up.

    Reply
  166. Now, the HP/Kim connection is only in my own head. But the parallels are there: orphan with no knowledge of heritage meets up with holy man/wizard mentor and embarks upon voyage of discovery leading to defeat of menace. It’s an old quest paradigm even used in Anne McCaffrey’s Dragon series. But please do read The Game. I love Mary Russell.

    Reply
  167. Now, the HP/Kim connection is only in my own head. But the parallels are there: orphan with no knowledge of heritage meets up with holy man/wizard mentor and embarks upon voyage of discovery leading to defeat of menace. It’s an old quest paradigm even used in Anne McCaffrey’s Dragon series. But please do read The Game. I love Mary Russell.

    Reply
  168. Now, the HP/Kim connection is only in my own head. But the parallels are there: orphan with no knowledge of heritage meets up with holy man/wizard mentor and embarks upon voyage of discovery leading to defeat of menace. It’s an old quest paradigm even used in Anne McCaffrey’s Dragon series. But please do read The Game. I love Mary Russell.

    Reply
  169. Now, the HP/Kim connection is only in my own head. But the parallels are there: orphan with no knowledge of heritage meets up with holy man/wizard mentor and embarks upon voyage of discovery leading to defeat of menace. It’s an old quest paradigm even used in Anne McCaffrey’s Dragon series. But please do read The Game. I love Mary Russell.

    Reply
  170. Now, the HP/Kim connection is only in my own head. But the parallels are there: orphan with no knowledge of heritage meets up with holy man/wizard mentor and embarks upon voyage of discovery leading to defeat of menace. It’s an old quest paradigm even used in Anne McCaffrey’s Dragon series. But please do read The Game. I love Mary Russell.

    Reply
  171. What a fascinating post. I knew fostering was common, throughout history. I didn’t realize adoption as we know it didn’t start until the 1920s.
    My favorite orphan is Frodo Baggins, followed by Harry Potter and Anne of Green Gables. There’s a courage and tenacity, a will to go on against all odds.

    Reply
  172. What a fascinating post. I knew fostering was common, throughout history. I didn’t realize adoption as we know it didn’t start until the 1920s.
    My favorite orphan is Frodo Baggins, followed by Harry Potter and Anne of Green Gables. There’s a courage and tenacity, a will to go on against all odds.

    Reply
  173. What a fascinating post. I knew fostering was common, throughout history. I didn’t realize adoption as we know it didn’t start until the 1920s.
    My favorite orphan is Frodo Baggins, followed by Harry Potter and Anne of Green Gables. There’s a courage and tenacity, a will to go on against all odds.

    Reply
  174. What a fascinating post. I knew fostering was common, throughout history. I didn’t realize adoption as we know it didn’t start until the 1920s.
    My favorite orphan is Frodo Baggins, followed by Harry Potter and Anne of Green Gables. There’s a courage and tenacity, a will to go on against all odds.

    Reply
  175. What a fascinating post. I knew fostering was common, throughout history. I didn’t realize adoption as we know it didn’t start until the 1920s.
    My favorite orphan is Frodo Baggins, followed by Harry Potter and Anne of Green Gables. There’s a courage and tenacity, a will to go on against all odds.

    Reply
  176. Frodo — Yoiks. I’d forgotten about him.
    Sometimes I think we see the ‘call to adventure’ as less ‘cluttered’ for an orphan character. They’re not protected by — and don’t have to worry about — the folks back home.
    In LOTRs that’s a contrast, right from the first, between Frodo and Sam. Frodo, who will eventually leave the Shire, is free of close ties there. Sam, who will return home to stay, goes back to t’Gaffer and Rosie.

    Reply
  177. Frodo — Yoiks. I’d forgotten about him.
    Sometimes I think we see the ‘call to adventure’ as less ‘cluttered’ for an orphan character. They’re not protected by — and don’t have to worry about — the folks back home.
    In LOTRs that’s a contrast, right from the first, between Frodo and Sam. Frodo, who will eventually leave the Shire, is free of close ties there. Sam, who will return home to stay, goes back to t’Gaffer and Rosie.

    Reply
  178. Frodo — Yoiks. I’d forgotten about him.
    Sometimes I think we see the ‘call to adventure’ as less ‘cluttered’ for an orphan character. They’re not protected by — and don’t have to worry about — the folks back home.
    In LOTRs that’s a contrast, right from the first, between Frodo and Sam. Frodo, who will eventually leave the Shire, is free of close ties there. Sam, who will return home to stay, goes back to t’Gaffer and Rosie.

    Reply
  179. Frodo — Yoiks. I’d forgotten about him.
    Sometimes I think we see the ‘call to adventure’ as less ‘cluttered’ for an orphan character. They’re not protected by — and don’t have to worry about — the folks back home.
    In LOTRs that’s a contrast, right from the first, between Frodo and Sam. Frodo, who will eventually leave the Shire, is free of close ties there. Sam, who will return home to stay, goes back to t’Gaffer and Rosie.

    Reply
  180. Frodo — Yoiks. I’d forgotten about him.
    Sometimes I think we see the ‘call to adventure’ as less ‘cluttered’ for an orphan character. They’re not protected by — and don’t have to worry about — the folks back home.
    In LOTRs that’s a contrast, right from the first, between Frodo and Sam. Frodo, who will eventually leave the Shire, is free of close ties there. Sam, who will return home to stay, goes back to t’Gaffer and Rosie.

    Reply
  181. I love Mary, in The Secret Garden.
    And those cat photos!
    Ooh, which reminds me, I have Her Ladyship’s Companion on my Kindle and am finally starting to read books on my phone. Gotta move that up in the pile.

    Reply
  182. I love Mary, in The Secret Garden.
    And those cat photos!
    Ooh, which reminds me, I have Her Ladyship’s Companion on my Kindle and am finally starting to read books on my phone. Gotta move that up in the pile.

    Reply
  183. I love Mary, in The Secret Garden.
    And those cat photos!
    Ooh, which reminds me, I have Her Ladyship’s Companion on my Kindle and am finally starting to read books on my phone. Gotta move that up in the pile.

    Reply
  184. I love Mary, in The Secret Garden.
    And those cat photos!
    Ooh, which reminds me, I have Her Ladyship’s Companion on my Kindle and am finally starting to read books on my phone. Gotta move that up in the pile.

    Reply
  185. I love Mary, in The Secret Garden.
    And those cat photos!
    Ooh, which reminds me, I have Her Ladyship’s Companion on my Kindle and am finally starting to read books on my phone. Gotta move that up in the pile.

    Reply
  186. I hope you enjoy it.
    The idea of reading bookjs on a phone makes me sort of dizzy, actually. I think I am not suited to the modern world if it includes Tolstoy on the telephone.

    Reply
  187. I hope you enjoy it.
    The idea of reading bookjs on a phone makes me sort of dizzy, actually. I think I am not suited to the modern world if it includes Tolstoy on the telephone.

    Reply
  188. I hope you enjoy it.
    The idea of reading bookjs on a phone makes me sort of dizzy, actually. I think I am not suited to the modern world if it includes Tolstoy on the telephone.

    Reply
  189. I hope you enjoy it.
    The idea of reading bookjs on a phone makes me sort of dizzy, actually. I think I am not suited to the modern world if it includes Tolstoy on the telephone.

    Reply
  190. I hope you enjoy it.
    The idea of reading bookjs on a phone makes me sort of dizzy, actually. I think I am not suited to the modern world if it includes Tolstoy on the telephone.

    Reply

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